Java man skull replica which was first discovered in the Sangiran
In the Pleistocene, when it was still connected with the Asian mainland, enter the first settlers. The first evidence that indicates the earliest inhabitants were Homo erectus fossils from Java man the 2 million to 500,000 years ago. The discovery of the remains "Flores man" (Homo floresiensis) in Liang Bua, Flores, opening the possibility is still survival of H. erectus until the last Ice Age.
Homo sapiens first entered the archipelago since an estimated 100,000 years ago through the coastline of Asia from West Asia, and in about 50,000 years ago have reached New Guinea and Australia. Those, who characterized racial curly-haired, dark-skinned and meetings (Negroid), the ancestors of indigenous Melanesians (including Papua) now and bring the culture of hatchet shaped (Paleolithic). A wave of Austronesian-speaking immigrants to come in waves Neolithic culture since 3000 BC from southern China through Formosa and the Philippines to bring culture pickaxe square (Dong Son culture). Process migration is part of the occupation of the Pacific. Mongoloid population characterized by the arrival of this wave tends to the west, urged residents to the east early or spouse interfering with the locals and the physical characteristics of the population of Maluku and Nusa Tenggara. These newcomers brought farming techniques, including rice cultivation in paddy fields (at the latest evidence since the 8th century BC), raising buffalo, bronze and iron processing, weaving techniques, the practices of the megaliths, as well as the worship of spirits ( animism) as well as sacred objects (dynamism). In the first century BC had formed settlements and small kingdoms, and quite possibly already entered the trust of India due to the influence of trade relations.
Indian scholars have written about Dwipantara or Dwipa Javanese Hindu kingdom in Java and Sumatra around 200 BC. Initial physical evidence of the existence of two kingdoms mentioned patterned Hinduism in the 5th century, namely: The Kingdom Tarumanagara which controls the West Java coast and the kingdom of Kutai in the Mahakam River, Borneo. In the year 425 Buddhism has reached the region.
At a time when Europe entered the Renaissance, the archipelago has had a legacy of thousands of years old civilizations with the two great empires of Srivijaya in Sumatra and Majapahit in Java, coupled with dozens of small kingdoms which often become more powerful neighbors vazal or connect to each other in a kind of bond trading ( as in the Moluccas).
In the 4th century until the 7th century in West Java, there are Hindu-Buddhist kingdom that is patterned Tarumanagara kingdom, followed by Sundanese kingdom until the 16th century. During the 7th century until the 14th century, Buddhist kingdom of Srivijaya in Sumatra growing rapidly. Explorers Chinese I Ching visited the capital of Palembang around the year 670. At their peak, the Srivijaya controlled as far as West Java and the Malay Peninsula. The 14th century also witnessed the rise of a Hindu kingdom in East Java, the Majapahit. Duke of Majapahit between the years 1331 to 1364, Gajah Mada succeeded in obtaining power over the territory which now are mostly Indonesia and almost all the Malay Peninsula. The legacy of the Gajah Mada, including codification of law and in Javanese culture, as seen in the epic Ramayana.
The history of the archipelago in the era of the Islamic empire
Islam as a government presence in Indonesia around the 12th century, but in fact Islam had already entered Indonesia in the 7th century AD. At that time there has been a busy shipping lanes and is international through the Malacca Strait that connects the Tang Dynasty in China, the Srivijaya in Southeast Asia and West Asia Umayyads in the 7th century.
According to Chinese sources by the end of the third quarter of the 7th century, Arab traders became a leader of the Arab Muslim settlements on the coast of Sumatra. Islam also gives effect to the existing political institutions. This is evident in the year 100 H (718 AD) King of Srivijaya Jambi named Srindravarman send a letter to the Caliph Umar bin Abdul Aziz of the Umayyad Caliphate request sent Islamic preachers who could explain to him. The letter reads: "From the King of Kings who is the descendant of a thousand kings, whose wife is also grandson of a thousand kings, who in the animal cages are a thousand elephants, which in its territory there are two rivers that irrigate the tree aloes, spices and fragrances, nutmeg and lime the fragrant scent balls to reach a distance of 12 miles, to the King of Arabia who do not associate other gods with Allah. I have sent you the gift, which is actually a gift that is not so much, but just a sign of friendship. I want you to send me someone who can teach Islam to me and explained to me about the laws. "Two years later, the year 720 AD, King Srindravarman, which was originally Hindu, converted to Islam. Srivijaya Jambi also known by the name 'Sribuza Islam'. Unfortunately, in 730 AD by Srivijaya Srivijaya Jambi, Palembang prisoner who still adhere to Buddhism.
Islam continues to mengokoh into political institutions that carry Islam. For example, an Islamic sultanate called Peureulak Sultanate was established on 1 Muharram 225 H or 12 November 839 AD Another example is the kingdom of Ternate. Islam entered the kingdom in the Maluku islands this year 1440. King of a Muslim named Bayanullah.
Islamic sultanate semikin then spread his teachings to the people and through assimilation, replacing the Hindu as a major confidence at the end of the 16th century in Java and Sumatra. Retaining only the Balinese Hindu majority. On the islands in the east, religion-Christian and Islamic clergy are known already active in the 16th century and 17th, and today there are a large majority of both religions in the islands.
The spread of Islam through trade relations outside the archipelago; this, because the propaganda spreaders or preachers are messengers of the Islamic government that came from outside Indonesia, then to support themselves and their families, these preachers work through trade, even this preachers spreading Islam to the merchants of the natives, until these traders converted to Islam and disseminate the same to other people, as most merchants and experts was the first kingdom to adopt the new religion. Important Islamic empire including: Royal Ocean Pasai, Sultanate of Banten which established diplomatic relations with European countries, the Kingdom of Mataram, the Kingdom of Iha, Sultanate Sultanate of Ternate and Tidore in the Moluccas.
Afonso (sometimes also written Alfonso) de Albuquerque. Because of this character, which makes the archipelago region then known by the Europeans and the beginning of centuries of colonization by the Portuguese along with other European nations, especially Britain and the Netherlands.
From the Tagus River which empties into the Atlantic Ocean that the Portuguese fleet sailed the Atlantic Ocean, may take a month to three months, passing the Cape of Good Hope of Africa, towards the Straits of Malacca. From here the exploration is continued to the Maluku Islands to search for spices, gold commodity that equivalent at the time.
"In the 16th century when the adventure begins usually the sailors country was blessed by a Catholic priest and king before sailing through the River Tagus," said Teresa. Monastery of St. Jeronimus or Dos Jeronimos Monastery in Portuguese was founded by King Manuel in 1502 at the time of Vasco da Gama to start an adventure to the east.
Portuguese Maritime Museum or the Museu de Marinha mention it was founded by King Luis on July 22, 1863 to honor the Portuguese maritime history.
In addition to the statue in the park, painting of Afonso de Albuquerque is also a collection of the museum. Beneath the painting is written, "the Governor of India from 1509 to 1515. Foundation stone of the Portuguese Empire in India based in Ormuz, Goa, and Malacca. Policy pioneer of sea power as the central force of the kingdom ". Portuguese trade in various goods also exhibited at the museum, even a mound of pepper or pepper.
There are a number of motivations why the Kingdom of the Portuguese started the adventure to the east. Historians and archaeologists in the book of Islam Uka Tjandrasasmita Indonesia-Portugal: Five Hundred Years of Historical Relationship (Cepesa, 2002), citing a number of historians, not to mention there is only one motivation of the Portuguese Empire came to Asia. Expansion may be summarized in three words Portuguese language, namely feitoria, Fortaleza, and igreja. Literal meaning is gold, glory, and the church or trade, military domination, and the spread of Catholicism.
According to Uka, Albuquerque, the Portuguese governor of the Estado da India Second, the Portuguese Empire in Asia, is the main architect of Portuguese expansion into Asia. From Goa, he led an expedition to Malacca straight and got there early in July 1511 carrying 15 large and small vessels and 600 soldiers. He and his troops defeated the Malacca August 10, 1511. Since then, the Portuguese controlled the spice trade from Asia to Europe. After mastering of Malacca, the Portuguese expedition led by Antonio de Abreu reached the Moluccas, the spice center.
Period in the Portuguese archipelago of Glory
Period 1511-1526, for 15 years, the archipelago became an important maritime port for the Portuguese Empire, which regularly became a maritime route to the island of Sumatra, Java, Banda, and the Moluccas.
In 1511 the Portuguese defeated the Kingdom of Malacca.
In 1512 the Portuguese to establish communication with the Kingdom of Sunda to sign a trade agreement, especially pepper. Trade agreement is then realized on August 21, 1522 in the form of contract documents made duplicate, one copy to the king of Sunda and one for the king of Portugal. On the same day built a tablet called the Sunda-Portugal Agreement Inscription in a place that is currently the corner of Clove Road and the Great East Road I, West Jakarta. With this agreement allowed the Portuguese to build a warehouse or fortress at Sunda Kelapa.
In the year 1512 also Afonso de Albuquerque sent Antonio Albreu and Francisco Serrao to lead the fleet to find a way to where the spices in the Moluccas. Along the way, they stopped at Madura, Bali and Lombok. By using master-master of Java, the fleet arrived in Banda Islands, continue heading North Maluku until arriving at Ternate.
Portuguese presence in the waters and islands of Indonesia that has left traces of history that to this day still maintained by local communities in the archipelago, especially Flores, Solor and the Moluccas, in Jakarta Kampong monument located at the North Jakarta, between Kali Cakung, Cilincing beach and soil Marunda.
The first Europeans to discover the Moluccas was Portugal, in the year 1512. At that time, two Portuguese fleets, each under the leadership of Anthony d'Abreu and Francisco Serau, landed in Banda Islands and Turtle Islands. Once they make friends with the residents and local kings - like the kingdom of Ternate on the island of Ternate, the Portuguese were given permission to establish a fort in Pikaoli, nor may the State Hitu old, and Mamala Ambon.Namun Island spice trade relations did not last long , because the Portuguese monopoly system to implement and conduct the spread of Christianity. One of his famous missionary Francis Xavier. Arrive in Ambon 14 February 1546, then proceeded to Ternate, arriving in 1547, and tirelessly visited the islands in the Maluku Islands to make the distribution of religion. Portuguese and Ternate friendship ended in 1570. War with the Sultan Babullah for 5 years (1570-1575), the Portuguese had to leave from Ternate and Tidore and driven to Ambon.
Maluku people's resistance against the Portuguese, the Dutch used to set foot in the Moluccas. In 1605, the Dutch succeeded in forcing the Portuguese to give up its defenses in Ambon to Steven van der Hagen and the Tidore to Cornelisz Sebastiansz. Similarly, the British fort at Kambelo, Seram Island, was destroyed by the Dutch. Since then the Dutch managed to control most of the Moluccas. Position of the Dutch in the Moluccas getting stronger with the establishment of the VOC in 1602, and since then the Dutch became sole ruler in the Moluccas. Under the leadership of Jan Pieterszoon Coen, Chief Operating VOC, clove trade in the Moluccas sepunuh under the control of VOC for nearly 350 years. For this purpose the VOC did not hesitate to drive out competitors; Portuguese, Spanish, and English. Even tens of thousands of people become victims of brutality VOC Moluccas.
then they built a fort at Ternate in 1511, then in 1512 built the Citadel in Amurang North Sulawesi. Portuguese lost the war with Spain then submitted in north Sulawesi area of Spanish rule (1560 to 1660). Portuguese kingdom later united with the Kingdom of Spain. (Read the book: Portuguese Colonial History in Indonesia, by David DS Lumoindong). Merchant fleet of the 17th century came VOC (Dutch) who later managed to expel the Portuguese from Ternate, so then Portuguese East Timor and master retreat (since 1515).
Colonialism and Imperialism in Indonesia began to spread around the 15th century, which begins with the landing of the Portuguese in Malacca and the Dutch-led Cornellis de Houtman in 1596, to find the source of the spice and trade.
People's resistance against the Portuguese
The arrival of the Portuguese to the Malay Peninsula and the Maluku Islands is an order from his country to trade.
People's Resistance against Portuguese Malacca
In 1511, the Portuguese fleet led by Albuquerque attacked Malacca Empire. To attack the colonial Portuguese in Malacca which occurred in 1513 failed because of the strength and weapons stronger Portuguese. In 1527, the fleet under the command of Demak Fatahillah / Falatehan can master Bantam, Suda Coconut, and Cirebon. Portuguese fleet could be destroyed by Fatahillah / Falatehan and he later changed the name to Jayakarta Palm Sunda, which means a big victory, which later became Jakarta.
Acehnese people's resistance against the Portuguese
Beginning in 1554 until the year 1555, the Portuguese efforts failed because the Portuguese got stiff resistance from the people of Aceh. At the time of Sultan Iskandar Muda in power, the Kingdom of Aceh had attacked the Portuguese in Malacca in 1615 and 1629.
People's resistance against the Portuguese Moluccas
The Portuguese first landed in the Moluccas in 1511. The next arrival of the Portuguese in 1513. However, Ternate feel aggrieved by the Portuguese because of their greed to obtain monopoly profits through the efforts of the spice trade.
In 1533, the Sultan of Ternate call upon all people of Maluku to expel the Portuguese in the Moluccas. In 1570, the people led by the Sultan of Ternate Hairun can re-take the fight against the Portuguese, but can be tricked by the Portuguese until finally killed in the Fort Duurstede. Furthermore Baabullah led by the Sultan in the year 1574. Portuguese expelled who later settled in the island of Timor.
History of the Spanish archipelago Period
Ferdinand Magellan (sometimes also written Ferdinand) Magelan. Because of this character, who led the first fleet around the world and prove that the Earth is round, when it was known by Europeans of the earth flat. Commencement of centuries of colonization by Spain with other European nations, especially the Portuguese, English and Dutch.
From Spain to the Pacific Ocean that the Portuguese fleet sailed the Pacific Ocean, past the Cape of Good Hope of Africa, towards the Straits of Malacca. From here the exploration is continued to the Maluku Islands to search for spices, gold commodity that equivalent at the time.
"In the 16th century when the adventure begins usually the sailors country was blessed by a Catholic priest and king before sailing through the ocean.
On September 20, 1519, San Antonio, Concepción, Victoria, and Santiago, the largest to the smallest-carrier followed Magellan, Trinidad, the second largest ship, as they set sail for South America. On 13 December, they reached Brazil, and looking at Pao de Acucar, or Sugarloaf Mountain, which is impressive, they entered the bay of Rio de Janeiro a wonderful time to repair and fill supplies. Then they continued south into what is now Argentina, always searching for el paso, the elusive path that leads to another ocean. Meanwhile, the air gets colder and icebergs appear. Finally, on March 31, 1520, Magellan decided to spend the winter in the port of San Julián is cold.
Sailing has now taken six times longer than the voyage of Columbus across the Atlantic Ocean and the first-strait have not seen one yet! Morale began as cold weather in San Julián, and men, including some of the captains and officers, feeling desperate and want to go home. Is no surprise when the rebellion. However, thanks to quick and decisive action on the part of Magellan, it is thwarted and the two rebel leaders were killed.
The presence of foreign vessels in port must have attracted the attention of local residents strong-and large-bodied. Feeling like a dwarf compared to these giants, the visitors that land called Patagonia, from the Spanish word meaning "big foot"-to this day. They also observe the 'wolves of the sea calves, as well as black and white swans that swim under the water, eat fish, and has a beak like a crow'. Of course none other than the seals and penguins
Polar latitudes tend to experience a violent storm suddenly, and before the winter ended, the fleet suffered its first casualty tiny Santiago. However, fortunately the crew can be rescued from the ship that sank it. After that, the four ships which still survive, like a small-winged moths which have been hit in the middle of the frozen ocean currents and seemingly unstoppable, fighting desperately to head south to colder waters, until October 21. Sailing in the pouring rain that freezes, all eyes glued to a crack in the west. El paso? Yes! Finally, they turned and entered the strait later known as the Strait of Magellan! However, even this moment of victory is tarnished. San Antonio deliberately disappeared in the maze of straits and returned to Spain.
All three ships that still survive, diimpit by a narrow bay between snow-covered cliffs, with persistent sailing through the winding strait that. Brand watched so many fires in the south, possibly from the camp of the Indians, so they call it the land of Tierra del Fuego, "Land of Fire".
Magellan arrived in the Philippines invites local residents and their leaders to embrace the Catholic religion. But the spirit is also a disaster, where later he was involved in a dispute between the tribes. Only with the power assisted 60 men, he attacked some 1,500 natives, with the belief that despite having to fight the crossbow, an ancient rifle, but God would ensure his victory. But what happened was the contrary, he and a number of his subordinates were killed. Magellan at that time was about 41 years. Pigafetta faithful lament, 'They killed reflection, lights, entertainer, and our true guide'. A few days later, about 27 officers who only watch from their ship, were killed by the chiefs who previously friendly.
Due to the number of crew members who remained only slightly, making it impossible to use the three ships set sail, they then drown Concepción and sailed with two ships remaining, Trinidad and Victoria to their final destination, namely the Spice Islands. After the second vessel is filled with spices, then the two ships set sail again separately. But one of the two ships, the Trinidad was captured by the Portuguese and then the crew imprisoned.
However, Victoria, under the command of former rebel Juan Sebastian de Elcano, escaped. While avoiding all ports except one, they take risks Portugal route round the Cape of Good Hope. However, without stopping to fill the supply is an expensive strategy. When they finally reached Spain on 6 September 1522-three years since their departure, only 18 men who are sick and helpless who survive. However, it is undeniable that they were the first person to sail around the earth. Juan Sebastian de Elcano was a hero. What an amazing thing, cargo weighing 26 tons of spices Victoria pay for the entire expedition!
When a ship that survived, Victoria, returned to port after completing a trip around the world the first time, only 18 men of 237 men who were on board in early departure. Among survivors, there are two Italians, Antonio Pigafetta and Martino de Judicibus. Judicibus de Martino (Spanish: Martín de Judicibus) adalan people of Genoa [1] which acts as the Head Waiter. It works by Ferdinand Magellan on a historical journey to find a western route to the Spice Islands of Indonesia. [2] The history of his journey immortalized in the nominative registration at the Archivo General de Indias in Seville, Spain. The name of this family called the Latin patronimik proper, namely: "de Judicibus". At first he was assigned to the caravel Concepción, one of Magellan's five Spanish fleet. Martino de Judicibus start this expedition with the title of captain. (Read more in the book "History of Colonial Spanish in Indonesia" by David DS Lumoindong.
Before mastering the Philippine archipelago in 1543, Spain made the island of Manado Tua as a haven for freshwater. From the island the Spanish ships entering the mainland of North Sulawesi through the river Tondano. Relations with the Spanish traveler upland interwoven through barter economy began in Uwuran (now the city Amurang) Tidewater rivers I apo Rano. Barter trade of rice, amber, honey and other forest products and fish and salt.
Coffee Warehouse Manado and Minahasa be important for Spain, because Spanish soil fertility and is used for planting Kofi originating from South-America to be marketed to the Chinese mainland. For that in-built Manado as a commercial center for Chinese traders who market Kofi kedaratan China. Manado name included in the map of the world by a map of the world, Nicolas_Desliens, in 1541. Manado is also a public appeal by Kofi China as an export commodity hinterland communities Manado and Minahasa. Chinese traders pioneered the development of warehouse Kofi (The market is now around 45) who later became Chinatown and the settlement. The immigrants from mainland China mingle and assimilate to inland communities and to form a pluralistic society in Manado and Minahasa with derivative Spanish, Portuguese and Dutch.
The appearance of the name of Manado in North Sulawesi with a variety of commercial activities undertaken Portuguese Spanish main attraction since his position in Ternate. For that approach sends the Portuguese Catholic missions to the ground Manado and Minahasa in 1563 and developed the Catholic religion and education. Adu race influence in the Celebes Sea
Between Minahasa with Ternate there are two small islands named Mayu and Tafure. Then the two islands were used as a transit port by sailors Minahasa. At that time, there is competition Portuguese and Spanish where Spanish seize the two islands. Pandey Tombulu origin who became king on the island run by a fleet of boats returning to the Minahasa, but since last monsoon season, stranded in Gorontalo. Pandey boy named Potangka continue the journey and arrived in Ratahan. In Ratahan, he was appointed commander of the war because he was an expert shot cannons and guns to fight the Portuguese invaders from Mongondouw in the region. In 1563 the territory of Ternate Ratahan known by the name "Watasina" because when the fleet attacked Kora-kora Ternate to menhalau Spanish from the region (the book "De Katholieken hare en Missie" AJ Van Aernsbergen writing). Portuguese and Spanish in 1570 conspired to kill the king of Ternate, so that makes a big commotion in Ternate. When that many Muslim traders fled to Ternate and Tidore Ratahan. Pirate attacks increased in Ratahan through Bentenan, pirates used the slaves as rowers. The pirate captive slaves fled to Ratahan when nighttime pirate fleet of boats damaged soldier Ratahan - barely. Tentative conclusions can we draw from this story collection is the original inhabitants of this region is Touwuntu in the lowlands to the beach Toulumawak in the mountains, they are the descendants Opok Soputan seventh century. Name opo 'Soputan appears again as the head of the 16th century walak region with head walak Raliu brothers and Potangkuman. Residents of this region in the 16th century came from the natives and migrants from Tombulu, Tompakewa (Tontemboan), Tonsea, Ternate and pirate captives from Sangihe possible.
Minahasa Struggle Against Spain
Queen Oki ranges in the year 1644 until 1683. At that time, there was a great war between the child's tribe Tombatu (also commonly referred to Toundanow or Tonsawang) with the Spaniards. The war was triggered by the child's tribe Tombatu displeasure against the Spaniards who want to master the trade of commodities, especially rice, which was then a mainstay crop time residents. In addition, anger is also caused by the wickedness of the Spaniards against the local residents, especially to his daughter. The war has resulted in 40 deaths of Spanish troops in Kali and Stone (Stone Dimples locations now - ed). Naasnya, in the child's tribe Tombatu, has resulted in the death of Commander Monde along with 9 people's armies. Commander Monde is none other than her husband Queen Oki. According to that told in the paper, Commander Monde killed after fiercely defending his wife, Queen Oki.Menurut PA Gosal, et al., In the reign of Queen Oki, the son of the tribe Toundanow (another name for the child's tribe or Tonsawang Tombatu) that inhabits around the lake Bulilin live prosperous, safe and secure. "On the wisdom and the wisdom to lead tribal children Toudanow the Queen Oki also endorsed as Tonaas or Balian. During kepemimpinnan Queen Oki, Spain and the Netherlands have never mastered or to colonize Toundanow child, "
War opponents Minahasa Spain
The crew of Spanish sailors living in Minahasa and even mingle with the community. They married women Minahasa, so that their descendants became brothers with the natives.
In 1643 a war broke out Minaesa States against the Spanish empire. in a war in Tompaso, Spanish troops assisted the king's army was beaten Loloda Mokoagouw II defeat, the union backed by the combined forces Minaesa, chased up to the beach but
In 1694 in a war in Tompaso, the king's army was beaten Loloda Mokoagouw II defeat, the union backed by the combined forces Minahasa, chased down to the beach but is prevented and mediated by the Resident VOC Herman Jansz Steynkuler. In the year 1694 of September 21, was held a peace agreement, and set the border is the river Poigar Minahasa. Minaesa States troops from occupied Tompaso New Tompaso, Rumoong settled in Rumoong Down, down Kawangkoan Kawangkoan inhabit, and so forth.
In the Dutch colonial administration pasa this area remains autonomous initially but over time gradually reduced with the power of the king's appointment of kings to govern the Netherlands, so the king remained a territory-level officials 'subdistrict'.
Starting in 1521 the Spanish waters Sign in Indonesia
Trinidad crew captured by Portugal and later with the help of sailors imprisoned in Minahasa and Manado Babontewu of the empire they could escape. The 12 sailors were then dwelt in the interior of Minahasa, to continue to Pontak Amurang, then after a few years they can make contact again with the Spanish fleet which had returned to the Philippines. 1522 Spain started the colonization of North Sulawesi in 1560 Spain set up a post in Manado
Minahasa role as the rice granary of Spain when conducting the business of total domination of the Philippines.
In 1550 the Spanish had established a fort at Wenang fraudulently Walak Head howled Lasut using cow leather from Indian Bengal brought the Portuguese to the Minahasa. Land area in question Spanish cowhide is the land area of the rope is made from cow skin. Spain then use Mongodouw person to occupy the Portuguese fort at Amurang in 1550s Spain and eventually occupy the Minahasa. And dotu Walak Head (Head of State) have men howled Lasut Tonaas Wuri 'Young.
Kema name associated with the construction of the Spanish military base when
Bartholomeo de Soisa landed in 1651 and founded the port in an area called 'La Quimas.' Locals know this area with the name 'Maadon' or also 'Kawuudan.' Location of the Spanish fort at the mouth of the river Kema, called by the Dutch, "Spanyaardsgat , "or Liang Spain.
Dr. J.G.F. Riedel said that the Spanish fleet had landed in exactly 100 years sebelumnya.Kema Kema develops as the mother country since the era of government Pakasaan Tonsea Dotulong Xavier, after taranak-taranak Tonsea began to leave the old country, namely Tonsea Ure and establish new settlements-settlements. Xavier Dotulong Letter at 3 Februrari 1770 to the Governor of VOC in Ternate revealed that his father, I. Runtukahu Lumanauw lived in Kema and pioneered the development of this city. This is reinforced by the Ukung in Manado who claim to be descended dotu Bogi, son of the eldest of several brothers dotu as Governor of Ternate was also expressed in a letter to Xavier Dotulong return on November 1, 1772.
Origin of the name Kema
Dutch missionaries, Domine Jacobus Montanus in his trip report letter on November 17, 1675, mentions that the name Kema, which refers to the Spanish term, is the name of mountains that stretches from North to South. He writes that the word 'Kima' comes from the Minahasa which means conch. While the notion 'Kema' which comes from the Spanish word, 'Quema' ie, flame, or too light. Understanding the actions associated with the Spanish sailors often make mischief burn area. Governor Robert Padtbrugge in memory of the handover on August 31, 1682 mentions this place as "Pack of Grote Oesterbergen," meaning the big mountains
resembles a large shell. While the word Tonsea called 'Tonseka,' because it is in the area Pakasaan Tonsea.
Hendrik Berton in memory of August 3, 1767, describes the Kema than as a port for the West wind season, also became the mother country Tonsea. This occurs due to a conflict between Manado with the dispute Kema bird nest on the island of Lembeh. Parties Ukung-Ukung in Manado demanding equal rights in the results with Ukung-Ukung Kema. At that time the Old Ukung Dotulong Kema is Xavier.
Portuguese and Spanish are the strength of the Roman Catholic Church committed to expand the Ottoman empire in the Mediterranean in the XV century. Besides the Portuguese and Spanish are also a refuge entrepreneurs and skilled workers from Constantinople when it ruled the Ottoman empire from the Turks in 1453. The settlement includes a transfer of knowledge and maritime economy in Southern Europe. Since even then Portuguese and Spanish became great powers in Europe. Transfer of knowledge gained from immigrants from Constantinople that allows for both the country's Hispanic expanding new territories outside the mainland of Europe and the Mediterranean. The main target is the Asia-East and Southeast Asia. At first the expansion of the area between the two countries are divided in the agreement Tordisalles, 1492. Whereas Spanish Portuguese East towards the West. That time there has been no picture of the world was round. Realized, when sailboats two sides met in the waters of the Celebes Sea. This fact also be the cause of a process of reformation of the church, because not all of the "fatwa" of the church is the Law, until the image of power of the Pope as a ruler and representative of God on earth and the system of absolute government theokratis collapsed. The collapse occurred with the advent of the Protestant church of Martin Luther and Calvin pilot in Europe which later also spread to various European colonies in Asia, Africa and America.
From Tordisalles agreement, the Portuguese track from the African coast and Indian Ocean. While Spain traced the Atlantic Ocean, the South American continent and sailed the Pacific Ocean. The meeting occurred when the Spanish ships led Ferdinand Maggelan browse the Pacific and arrived on the island Kawio, Sangir and Talaud islands in the Celebes Sea in 1521. To prevent competition in the waters of the Celebes Sea and North Maluku, the two sides renew cross paths through agreements Saragossa in 1529. The agreement divided the territory by performing the limit line of latitude seventeen degrees east in the waters of North Maluku. But in the agreement,
Spanish feel aggrieved because they do not achieve commercial traffic with the islands producing spices. For it is sending an expedition to the Western Pacific in 1542. In February of that year five Spanish ships with 370 crew leader Ruy Lopez de Villalobos to the cluster of the Western Pacific from Baja. The goal is to expand the territory and simultaneously obtain the spice trade concessions in North Maluku.
This voyage of Villalobos landed digugusan Northern islands called the Philippines, was taken from the name of the son of King Carlos V, ie, Prince Philip, heir to the kingdom of Spain. Although the Philippines does not produce the spice, but the arrival of the Spanish islands digugusan loud protests from the Portuguese. The reason is because the cluster of islands located in the West, in the environmental area. While concentrating his attention on the Middle America, Spain still wants concessions commercial spice-North Maluku who also wanted dominated Portuguese. But Spain pressured by the Portuguese to have retreated to the Philippines. As a result Spain lost influence in North Sulawesi, which had previously been pockets of economic and community relations Minahasa.
The introduction of Spanish cuisine in the Minahasa
The War in Southern Philippines has impacted on the Spanish economy. The main causes of the defeat of Spain also caused unrest rower who served the Spanish ships. The system relies on Spanish shipping rower generally consists of the slaves of Spain. Usually ships Spain served about 500-600 oarsmen who are generally drawn from the population of Spanish-controlled territory. Generally rowers rebellion occurs when food rations running low and too limited in the long voyage, to overcome Spain deploy a variety of planting crops, including peppers (chilies), ginger (goraka), turmeric etc..
All are planted in areas controlled by each for the supply of food logistics crew and hundreds of rowers.
Since the culture of eating "pidis" which in the potion with a variety of spices that Spanish seamen introduced spread rapidly and become a craze Minahasa community.
There are also interesting from the Spanish culinary heritage, ie cultural Panada. This cake is also the origin of the Latin American population, which was brought by the Spaniards through the trajectory of the Pacific. The difference, dough Panada, in filled with beef or lamb, while the typical Panada Minahasa in filled with fish.
City Kema is a settlement of Spaniards, starting from the "rowers" who settled and did not want to return to their ancestral land. They married local women and hereditary life. Kema later also known as the travelers German, Dutch and English. They also blend in and assimilate with the locals, so that in a pluralistic society formed Kema and enrich Minahasa with diverse cultural and harmonious coexistence. That is why until the Minahasa community is not easy to get along face the awkward and Western people.
Getting rid of the movement opposed to the Spanish Conquest
Minahasa also been at war with Spain that began in 1617 and ended in 1645. The war was triggered by the injustice of the Spanish against the Minahasa people, especially in terms of trade in rice, as the main commodity that time. Open warfare occurred later in the year 1644-1646. End of the war was a total defeat of Spain, thus successfully expelled by the waranei (Minahasa knights).
Spanish For Indonesia Economic Impact of North
Diplomacy Walak government leaders approached the Dutch managed to expel the Spanish from Minahasa. But the consequences to be experienced is a pioneering path in the Pacific ocean commercial pilot of Spain since the 17th century affect the economy stalled and North Sulawesi. For commercial lines is very useful for the spread of commodity exports to the Pacific. Since even then the port of Manado became quiet and did not develop that has impacted on the development of eastern Indonesia region to the Pacific Southwest. On the other hand, only a stopover port of Manado trade lane from the South (based in Surabaya, Tanjung Priok built by the Dutch since the XVIII century) to the Asia-East through the trajectory of the Makassar Strait. And even then only used seasonally during the South China Sea are not madly in ferocious waves for ships. While all-East Asia trade lane is focused through the South China Sea, the Strait of Malacca, Indian Ocean, North Atlantic-Cape of Good Hope which is the center of world trade.
As a result of economic relations activities around each of the Celebes Sea directly to the outside world practically abandoned. Because the distribution of all commodities across the cluster archipelago governed solely by the Batavia which controls all network-trade system under the one-door policy. This emphasis brings prolonged suffering for the population of rural business activities Minahasa.
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