WAR-WAR regionalism NATION AGAINST Dutch Colonial

A. Maluku War (Patimura)
Pattimura war in Maluku in 1817.
1. For the Public
- Oppression and exploitation by the Dutch against the inhabitants of Maluku.
- Dissatisfaction of the people of Maluku governor regulations such as the obligation to provide a boat and chop wood.
- Terms of trade monopoly that hard. For example with a hongi cruises and extirpation.
- Monitoring of security is too tight.
2. Special Cause
Resident refusal Van Den Berg to the demands of the people to pay the price of a boat that was ordered by the actual price.
3. The strategy used in the war
The people of Maluku war by guerrilla warfare and collecting boats to attack the fort Durstede in Saparua. While the colonial using massive force to recapture the fort which had been seized.
4. The characters that play a role.
A. From The People's Moluccas.
Thomas Matulesi (Patimura), Ulupaha, Paul Tiahahu, Martha Cristina Tiahahu, Anthony Reebok, Philipe Latumahina, and Said Parinta.
B. From the colonial party.
Resident Van den berg, Beetjes Major, and Lt. Col. Groot.

5. The battlefield.
Battlefield is in the Maluku islands centered around Fort Durstede Saparua.

6. End of the war.
The Netherlands launched a pitting political or divide et intera to the kings and priests in the Moluccas that the leaders of the war can be captured and hanged at Fort Victoria Niew thus ended the struggle of the people of Ambon, Maluku.
7. Result of the war.
- Politics.
The more-powerful Dutch control over the territory of the Moluccas.
- Field of Economics.
Dutch monopoly of the spice and making the boat more rampant.
B. Padri War (1821-1837)
Padri war at first was the war between the clergy who want to purify Islam back in West Sumatra on The custom to the contrary.
1. General causes.
- The conflict between the groups understand that Wahhabi teachings to purify the religion of Islam with Sufism group consisting of the nobility and traditional stakeholders.
- There are bad habits which was passed by the customs such as drinking, cock fight, gamble, smoke, etc..
- The conflict between customary law with Islamic religious law. Some of them on the customary law of matrilineal kinship system embraced Islam while in patrilineal.
- There was a struggle for influence among the indigenous with the clergy.
- The intervention of the western nations in the struggle for power is the United Kingdom and the Netherlands.

2. Special cause
The meeting between the traditional with the ulama to resolve all the issues so far in Kototangah. Since that did not work, the customs were attacked by the clergy and the customary call for help to the Dutch at Padang in 1821.
3. War strategy.
In the years 1821-1825 war between the clergy with the customs, assisted by the Dutch. The cleric attacked the Dutch forts so that the Dutch took peace in 1825 due to focus on the war on Java. Later in the year 1830-1837 war raged again in the Minangkabau are now united with the clergy against the Dutch customs. The war conducted by guerrilla warfare and survive in the fortress.
4. The characters.
a. Of the Minangkabau people.
Lintau My lord, my lord Imam Bonjol, Gapuk my lord, my lord Black, Tuanku Nan Wise, and my lord Tambusay.
b. From the colonial party.
Colonel Stuers,
5. The battlefield.
Battlefield in almost all areas of West Sumatra, for example in Padang, Bukittinggi, Pariaman, etc..
6. End of the war.
After facing heavy pressure from the Dutch, Tuanku Imam Bonjol finally willing to negotiate with the Dutch. The talks failed because the Dutch had made preparations to attack and besiege the fortress where Imam Bonjol survive. Because of the protracted war and inequality of power, my lord finally gave up its remaining troops Imambonjol on October 25, 1837 then he was exiled to Manado and died there.
7. Result of the war.
a. The political field.
The clearer and kokohnya Dutch control of areas of West Sumatra.
b. Economic Affairs.
Especially the more powerful monopoly monopoly of salt and pepper in West Sumatra.

C. Java War (1825-1830)
Java War occurred in the central and eastern Java, led by a young concubine of Sultan Hamengkubuwono III Diponegoro.
1. Common cause.
Deterioration occurs in many areas of life around the empire of Mataram.
- The coastal area in northern Javanese taken over by the Dutch.
- The narrowing of the empire and his power as well.
- The existence of divisions among the family of the kingdom of Mataram that weaken and strengthen the Netherlands.
- The decline of the royal dignity as a result of Dutch interference in government affairs.
- The drinking habits among the nobility and the people giving rise to fears of the people.
- People increasingly heavy burden after the Kingdom of the ground lease to allow foreign companies.
- Ketikpuasan the nobles on the governor-general's decision because it may not rent their land to private entrepreneurs.
2. Special Cause.
Anger Diponegoro when installing stakes Dutch railway which will pass through the land of his ancestral tomb in Tegal Rejo Diponegoro without permission.
3. War strategy.
From the Prince Diponegoro, he used the techniques of guerrilla warfare which suddenly attacked the Dutch troops then disappear. Headquarters is located in guerrilla attacks Go'a Selarong.
While the Dutch strategy are:
- Took up again the sultan Sepuh (HB II) became sultan of Mataram.
- Establish a counter-guerrilla force whose members come from Indonesia itself has berkianat a fee.
- Running Divide Et Intera Diponegoro to subordinates and with prizes for those who can mengimingi Diponegoro capture dead or alive.
- Running tactic stelsel fort. Namely by establishing forts in every area that has been mastered and the roads that connect between the fortress so that the guerrillas Diponegoro increasingly narrow.

4. The characters.
a. From the people of Indonesia.
Prince Diponegoro, Suryo Atmojo Prince, Duke Kertodirjo, Prince Attack, Karto foundation, Prince Suryo Mataram, Aryo Prangwadono, Prince Notoprojo, Sentot Alibasah Prawirodirjo, Prince Joyokusumo, Arya flat, and Kiyai Mojo.
b. From the colonial party.
Governor-General Van der Capelen and General De Kock.
5. The battlefield.
Namely in the area of central and eastern Java, which include Pacitan, Purwodadi, Banyumas, Pekalongan, Semarang, Apex, and Madison.
6. End of the war.
Because it has many followers P. Diponegoro who give up and shrinking of the power, ultimately P. Diponegoro willing to negotiate with the Dutch in the Second House Resident on March 28, 1830. In the offer, the Dutch promised that if the talks fail, then P. Diponegoro can return to the battlefield. But the Dutch deny and P. Diponegoro arrested later in the exhaust to Menado and Makassar. He died on January 8, 1855 in Fort Rooterdam Napier.

7. Result of the war.
a. The political field.
- Power and the Sultanate of Yogyakarta and Solo Sultanate to be reduced.
- Abolition of regulations that harm people. For example the abolition of excise duty gate in Yogyakarta and Solo.
b. Economic Affairs.
Dutch gain Yogyakarta and Solo, which then made the cultivation area.
c. The social field.
The existence of large losses of both life and property there are approximately 8000 people who died and 7000 Dutch Javanese who died. Costs spent no less than 20.000.00,00 Gulden.
D. Bali War (1846-1909)
Bali's War was a war between the kingdoms in the island of Bali with the Dutch colonial nation. This war happened because monarchs do not want controlled by foreign nations.
1. Common cause.
- The Netherlands was about to impose its will to abolish the rights of the rule of the kingdoms in Bali over the area.
- The kings of Bali was forced to admit the sovereignty of the Dutch East Indies government and allow the flying of flags in the territory of the Dutch kingdom.
- Traditional religious sute deemed inhumane Netherlands will be removed by the Dutch.
2. Special causes.
The Netherlands rejected the right of the right of the King Buleleng Tawan coral stating that foreign ships stranded on the coast of the kingdom will be deprived of the ship and its contents.
3. War strategy.
Dutch East Indies colonial government expedition sent troops to Bali to make the kings of Bali submission. The first expedition did not succeed then the Dutch troops are even greater. Since the defeat of number and weapons technology, Balinese people just stayed in the castle-fortress-slightly with a slight attack, and also by running the war Puputan. Ie holy war until drops of blood.
4. The characters.
a. From the people of Bali.
I Gusti Ktut Jelantik and King Buleleng.
b. From the colonial Dutch.
General Micheles.
5. Battlefield.
Battlefield almost the whole island of Bali which includes Klungkung, Buleleng, coral Asem, gianyar, etc..
6. End of the war.
The fall Buleleng into Dutch hands, affecting other kings to be lenient towards the Dutch. As a result most of the kingdom in Bali can be conquered Holland in the late 19th century. In 1906 the Dutch attack on Bali's south that there getting a fierce resistance which followed the war Puputan. New in 1909 the whole of Bali can be controlled by the Dutch.
7. Consequences of war.
a. The political field.
- Mastered the whole island by the Dutch.
- Reduced power of the king in his kingdom even the king may be said to be subordinate to the Netherlands.

b. The economic field.
- Mastered the trade monopoly in Bali because Bali is a very strategic area visited by many foreign nations.
c. The social field.
- The number of social order is transformed by the Netherlands, including the abolition of customs Sute the cremation ceremony.
E. Banjar War (1859-1863).
War occurred in the kingdom Banjar Banjar area of South Kalimantan now.
1. Common cause.
- People are not happy with the rampant Dutch commercialize plantations and mines in South Kalimantan.
- The Netherlands is too much interference in the internal affairs of the kingdom.
- The Netherlands intends to master the South Kalimantan region because this region is found to mine coal.
2. Special Cause.
Because Prince Sultan Hidayatullah that should be Banjar not approved by the Dutch who later took up Tamjidilah as the Sultan is not entitled to become Sultan. Then after the Dutch Tamjidilah removed from the seat of the Sultan, the Kingdom of the Netherlands disperse Banjar.
3. War strategy.
Hidayatullah Prince and Prince Antasari using guerrilla warfare strategy by creating a new empire in the interior and building fortifications in the forests.
4. The characters.
a. Of Banjar people.
Hidayatullah Prince, Prince Antasari, Aling, Tumenggung Antaludin, Tumenggung Suropati, Demat Leman, Seman and Muhammad.
b. From the colonial Dutch.
5. Battlefield.
The combat zone in the Kalimantan region Seltan almost entirely. Included in the Barito river.
6. End war.
After the Prince and Prince Hidayatullah caught Antasari's death, continued the struggle led by Gusti Mat Seman, Gusti Acil, Gusti Arsat, and Antung Durahman. By these leaders, the people still in guerrilla with a very offensive to the Dutch until the beginning of the 20th century.
7. Result of the war.
a. The political field.
- Areas south Kalimantan is fully controlled by the Dutch colonial government.
- The dissolution of the kingdom of Banjar.
b. The economic field.
- Mastered the coal mines and plantations in South Kalimantan.
F. Aceh War (1873-1904).
The war in Aceh is the longest war that is regional in Indonesia.
1. Common cause.
- There is a difference of position or status of the regions of East Sumatra.
- Aceh to be important in international shipping since the opening of the Suez Canal.
- The continued development of modern imperialism in which the imperialist nations increasingly keen to get the colonies to serve as a source of industrial materials and marketing areas.
- The expansion of Dutch politics out of Java in an attempt memwujudkan Netherlandica Pax. For in the Treaty of sumatra British promised not to hinder the Dutch.
2. Special causes.
Aceh, which would retain its sovereignty claims refuse to unrelated Dutch with foreign countries and recognize the Netherlands as a Pertuan.
3. War strategy.
In a national war, the people of Aceh, using the strategy:
- Want to be a compromise with the Dutch position in the government and society is not lost.
- Also a ploy to get the weapons from the Netherlands to guerrilla run smoothly (signed short).
To fight the religious nature of its war strategy is:
- Not willing to compromise and do not want to give up with the Dutch.
- Perform Jihad war based religious teachings.
Colonial Dutch strategy as follows:
- A massive attack against an object that was attacked.
- System stelsel concentration.
- Perform system approach is to send a scholar of Islam, Dr. Snock Hurgronje that advocates for the system divide et intera between the nobility with the clergy.
4. The characters.
a. From the people of Aceh.
Daud Shah Sultan, Tengku Omar, Commander of Polim, Tengku Cik di Tiro, Tengku Baet, Cut Nyak Dien, Tengku cik ditero,
b. From the Dutch colonial government.
Cohler-General, Lieutenant General Van Suiten, Kolonen Pell, Maj. Van der Heiden, and Van der Hoven.
5. The battle field.
Battlefield that is happening all over Aceh, which includes forest areas for guerillas. Aceh's forested areas and mountainous, making it easier to carry out guerrilla warfare.
6. End of the war.
Because many of the death of the leaders who are tough cause the stronger position of the Dutch in Aceh. Also due to obey the advice of Dr. Holland. Hurgronje, so that the people of Aceh there who defected to the Dutch Netherlands, making it easier to split the Acehnese.
7. Result of the war.
a. The political field.
- Fully mastered the Aceh region.
- Sultan of Aceh forced by the Dutch to sign a short plaque which reads as a Pertuan acknowledges the Dutch in Aceh.
b. The economic field.
Trade monopoly in Aceh that has a very strategic location in the Strait of Malacca.
G. Tapanuli War (1878-1907).
This war led by Si-XII Singamangaraja to.
1. Common cause.
- The king challenges Tapanuli Batak Batak who still adhered to the ancient religion (Animism dynamism) on the spread of Christianity in Tapanuli.
- The Dutch strategy to use to control the movement Zending Tapanuli.
- The reason that the Dutch used to suppress Padris fighters and leaders of many Acehnese fled to Tapanuli area.
2. Special Cause.
Rejection of King Si-XII Singamangaraja to the spread of Christianity in the region Tapanuli.

3. War strategy.
Dutch attack on the stronghold of Si Singamangaraja, after pressed Si Singamangaraja withdrew to the woods to do the guerrilla struggle.

4. The characters.
a. From the people Tapanuli.
King Si-XII Singamangaraja to.
b. From the Dutch colonial government.
Dai Van Lent and Captain Cristopher.
5. Battlefield.
Battlefields are located throughout North Sumatra around Medan and Lake Toba.
6. End of the war.
On June 17, 1907 Si-XII Singamangaraja to have been killed in the fighting that ended the war Tapanuli. Because like other regional wars, if its leaders dead or captured, the war in question will also end.
7. Result of the war.
a. Political field.
The whole area can be controlled entirely by Tapanuli colonial Dutch East Indies.
b. The economic field.
Mastered the trade monopoly there, especially the plantation such as tobacco.
c. The social field.
The spread of Christianity in Tapanuli widespread public belief that causes the change earlier.

Prince Diponegoro as history indonesia

Diponegoro born Ontowiryo named Raden Mas, is the eldest son of Sultan Hamengkubuwono III (HB III) or also called the sovereign King, was born on Friday Wage, 8 Muharram year 1712 Wuku Be Puppet, or BC, November 11, 1785 in Yogyakarta. Diponegoro as a young king then this blue-blooded man gets knighted highest in the Java front of its name is Prince. Raden Mas Ontowiryo since young was raised by his grandmother, Queen Ageng was the widow of Sultan HB I, who lived in Tegalrejo, Yogyakarta. In the care of Queen Ageng who was known as a devout and pious Diponegoro learn and deepen knowledge of religion and mysticism and history. Religious texts and ancient Javanese containing legal doctrine and teachings of spiritual nobility, and it is this which makes youth Ontowirya as someone who lives a simple, pious, and obedient to fulfill their religious obligations. Obedience and simplicity are also recognized a friend or opponent, actually as the son of the king, could have fun with life wallowing in luxury, but he prefers the simple life outside the palace walls, in the midst of the people who are suffering when it is precisely in the village Tegalrejo, western city of Yogyakarta Kingdom.
In the leadership of HB V (1822) who were aged 3 years, because its lead is still smaller then performed with the guardianship and administration daily and held Patih Danurejo Dutch resident, and Diponegoro be one member of a guardian. How to trust where there is a guardian of the Dutch colonial government is not approved because it makes Diponegoro dependence on foreign powers kingdom. Including Western culture has penetrated the kingdom, such as the widespread circulation of liquor, both among the nobles and commoners. So in the face of the Dutch position is very weak with the impression Sultan ruled invaders, so striking. Besides the Dutch seized the lands of the people and nobles who preferred not to be a Dutch businessman plantations.
The truth behind all that is a pain or a heart as a son of Prince Sultan to see the behavior of the Dutch colonial government at that time in the desire to master the full Java region and weaken the imperial government. Knowing Diponegoro disagreement on ways to destroy the power of the Dutch government of Yogyakarta Sultanate, the Dutch schemer accusing Diponegoro is preparing for an uprising and took up arms against the Dutch because he was disappointed not appointed to be king, was a slander. After Diponegoro resigned from membership of the Council Mangkubumi, he settled in Tegalrejo. Dutch know and attacked Tegalrejo on July 20, 1825. Diponegoro then moved on to Selarong, a hilly area which is used as its headquarters.
Diponegoro struggle received from various parties: nobility, clergy and peasants. They were joined, including a great scholar Kyai Mojo, and Sentot Alibasah Prawirodirjo, a nobleman who later became commander of the main. Prince Mangkubumi act as Panasihat the Great, Prince Ngabehi Jayakusuma a great commander in a battle that killed and buried on the hill Singi, Progo watershed, west of the City for the attack overwhelmed Yogyakarta.Karena Diponegoro the Netherlands as many as 20,000 ringgit promised money for anyone who Diponegoro can capture dead or alive. But people can not be manipulated and they do not want to betray their beloved leader. Finally, the Dutch trade war tactics with stelsel fortress system in 1827.
Everywhere the Dutch founded forts in areas that have been secured and controlled, in between each fort was connected by roads so that communication can be executed with ease, so that the space Diponegoro become narrower, and also mobilize assistance from the country more than 3,000 Dutch troops. One day fame spread the news that Diponegoro urgency, then Prince Diponegoro Mangkubumi meet and be reminded that aside from Tegalrejo Diponegoro. Diponegoro finally on the advice of his uncle, the uncle even go with him, they could escape from the Netherlands, and down the streets until it was hidden in a cave called Goa Selarong, which then become the headquarters Diponegoro. Gradually Diponegoro resistance has been sucking people's sympathy. Support for flow support, strengthen Diponegoro. It was confirmed that the opposition is Diponegoro sabil war, resistance to face the infidels. On the other hand the Dutch continued to persuade some opposition figures in order to stop the war.
Actually Diponegoro not face the Netherlands, but also the people of Java itself is a traitor or a scoundrel. Dutch soldiers sejatinhya also not much, they just helped traitors only in large quantities. In the Java War or the war Diponegoro, the Netherlands sided with the legitimate ruler of the palace, the Sultan of Yogyakarta Buwana III. In other words, the increased strength of the Dutch power after the suppression of the rebellion Diponegoro actually follow the traditional pattern. In Mataram throne wars before, or during palihan Nagari Mataram (1755), the Netherlands sided with the legitimate king and his position is further enhanced through an agreement with the legitimate king who assisted the Dutch and Javanese rulers are not karenan subjugation. The Netherlands is solely guard the status quo or feudal ancien Java community. Javanese rulers of Dutch colonialism in fact accept this, because with this acceptance of their power guaranteed by the Netherlands participated. Conversely the more closely the Dutch alliance with the king more fractions arise in the palace and the people who oppose it. On the one hand, the presence of the king of the Netherlands supports the political positions that become more absolute, and on the other hand, he invites discord.
Realizing that there will never be won without the suffering of ordinary people, after the war almost five years, Prince Diponegoro agreed settlement negotiations. March 1830 Diponegoro willing to conduct negotiations in Magelang, but it's just a tactic the Netherlands alone. Diponegoro was arrested by the Dutch through deception. That day is the Muslim holy day (Eid al-Fitr 1245H). Diponegoro with pure hearts also received an invitation from the Dutch, who he said would not ruin the sanctity of this great day. During this very difficult indeed Diponegoro and never willing to compromise and believe in what promises to Holland. But on a holy day that he was willing. The atmosphere was suffused kesucuian and kehidamatan. Diponegoro come to agree. But consensus is not obtained but Diponegoro arrested. Just ask Diponegoro exiled to Mecca. Holland agreed, but before the first stop the Dutch word Mecca to Manado. Promises to be discharged into Mecca was not come, until then Diponegoro died in Makassar, 1855.
Java War, called the Dutch as the Java War (1825 - 1830) one of the events that determine the history of the island of Java. He is an event that separates the two ages, ie age Ancien Regime Javanese kings and Dutch Colonialism full time. Only after 1830, we can talk about the actual time of Dutch colonialism in Java, and not before. Dutch Java War regarded as a war that legitimize their position in Java. Instead of Indonesia views this war as the last big fight a prince, against Dutch rule. New later in the 20th century, with the emergence of movements called nationalism, the Dutch power once again challenged in the scale of "National"
Java is a resistance war elite Javanese nobility. Java is a lot of war casualties on the part of the Indian government as many as 8,000 soldiers European nationals, 7,000 natives, while 200,000 people were killed Java. So half the population shrinks Yogyakarta.
Problem Diponegoro this power struggle, the Dutch were admired.
"We really have to admire you, Prince Diponegoro, which really was constantly suffering and unfortunate blow, losing the closest relatives, the most able commander of the war, but still too strong and courageous move our troops face resistance continuously , "
said Captain J.P. Schomaker, a Dutch officer

Indonesia from the Prehistoric Glasses

Indonesia from the Prehistoric Glasses, Geologically, the territory of modern Indonesia (for convenience, hereinafter called the Nusantara) a meeting between the three major continental plates: the Eurasian Plate, the Indo-Australian Plate and Pacific Plate (see article Geological Indonesia). Indonesian archipelago such as the current is formed when the melting of ice after the end of the Ice Age, about 10,000 years ago.
Java man skull replica which was first discovered in the Sangiran
In the Pleistocene, when it was still connected with the Asian mainland, enter the first settlers. The first evidence that indicates the earliest inhabitants were Homo erectus fossils from Java man the 2 million to 500,000 years ago. The discovery of the remains "Flores man" (Homo floresiensis) in Liang Bua, Flores, opening the possibility is still survival of H. erectus until the last Ice Age.
Homo sapiens first entered the archipelago since an estimated 100,000 years ago through the coastline of Asia from West Asia, and in about 50,000 years ago have reached New Guinea and Australia. Those, who characterized racial curly-haired, dark-skinned and meetings (Negroid), the ancestors of indigenous Melanesians (including Papua) now and bring the culture of hatchet shaped (Paleolithic). A wave of Austronesian-speaking immigrants to come in waves Neolithic culture since 3000 BC from southern China through Formosa and the Philippines to bring culture pickaxe square (Dong Son culture). Process migration is part of the occupation of the Pacific. Mongoloid population characterized by the arrival of this wave tends to the west, urged residents to the east early or spouse interfering with the locals and the physical characteristics of the population of Maluku and Nusa Tenggara. These newcomers brought farming techniques, including rice cultivation in paddy fields (at the latest evidence since the 8th century BC), raising buffalo, bronze and iron processing, weaving techniques, the practices of the megaliths, as well as the worship of spirits ( animism) as well as sacred objects (dynamism). In the first century BC had formed settlements and small kingdoms, and quite possibly already entered the trust of India due to the influence of trade relations.
Indian scholars have written about Dwipantara or Dwipa Javanese Hindu kingdom in Java and Sumatra around 200 BC. Initial physical evidence of the existence of two kingdoms mentioned patterned Hinduism in the 5th century, namely: The Kingdom Tarumanagara which controls the West Java coast and the kingdom of Kutai in the Mahakam River, Borneo. In the year 425 Buddhism has reached the region.
At a time when Europe entered the Renaissance, the archipelago has had a legacy of thousands of years old civilizations with the two great empires of Srivijaya in Sumatra and Majapahit in Java, coupled with dozens of small kingdoms which often become more powerful neighbors vazal or connect to each other in a kind of bond trading ( as in the Moluccas).
In the 4th century until the 7th century in West Java, there are Hindu-Buddhist kingdom that is patterned Tarumanagara kingdom, followed by Sundanese kingdom until the 16th century. During the 7th century until the 14th century, Buddhist kingdom of Srivijaya in Sumatra growing rapidly. Explorers Chinese I Ching visited the capital of Palembang around the year 670. At their peak, the Srivijaya controlled as far as West Java and the Malay Peninsula. The 14th century also witnessed the rise of a Hindu kingdom in East Java, the Majapahit. Duke of Majapahit between the years 1331 to 1364, Gajah Mada succeeded in obtaining power over the territory which now are mostly Indonesia and almost all the Malay Peninsula. The legacy of the Gajah Mada, including codification of law and in Javanese culture, as seen in the epic Ramayana.
 The history of the archipelago in the era of the Islamic empire
Islam as a government presence in Indonesia around the 12th century, but in fact Islam had already entered Indonesia in the 7th century AD. At that time there has been a busy shipping lanes and is international through the Malacca Strait that connects the Tang Dynasty in China, the Srivijaya in Southeast Asia and West Asia Umayyads in the 7th century.
According to Chinese sources by the end of the third quarter of the 7th century, Arab traders became a leader of the Arab Muslim settlements on the coast of Sumatra. Islam also gives effect to the existing political institutions. This is evident in the year 100 H (718 AD) King of Srivijaya Jambi named Srindravarman send a letter to the Caliph Umar bin Abdul Aziz of the Umayyad Caliphate request sent Islamic preachers who could explain to him. The letter reads: "From the King of Kings who is the descendant of a thousand kings, whose wife is also grandson of a thousand kings, who in the animal cages are a thousand elephants, which in its territory there are two rivers that irrigate the tree aloes, spices and fragrances, nutmeg and lime the fragrant scent balls to reach a distance of 12 miles, to the King of Arabia who do not associate other gods with Allah. I have sent you the gift, which is actually a gift that is not so much, but just a sign of friendship. I want you to send me someone who can teach Islam to me and explained to me about the laws. "Two years later, the year 720 AD, King Srindravarman, which was originally Hindu, converted to Islam. Srivijaya Jambi also known by the name 'Sribuza Islam'. Unfortunately, in 730 AD by Srivijaya Srivijaya Jambi, Palembang prisoner who still adhere to Buddhism.
Islam continues to mengokoh into political institutions that carry Islam. For example, an Islamic sultanate called Peureulak Sultanate was established on 1 Muharram 225 H or 12 November 839 AD Another example is the kingdom of Ternate. Islam entered the kingdom in the Maluku islands this year 1440. King of a Muslim named Bayanullah.
Islamic sultanate semikin then spread his teachings to the people and through assimilation, replacing the Hindu as a major confidence at the end of the 16th century in Java and Sumatra. Retaining only the Balinese Hindu majority. On the islands in the east, religion-Christian and Islamic clergy are known already active in the 16th century and 17th, and today there are a large majority of both religions in the islands.
The spread of Islam through trade relations outside the archipelago; this, because the propaganda spreaders or preachers are messengers of the Islamic government that came from outside Indonesia, then to support themselves and their families, these preachers work through trade, even this preachers spreading Islam to the merchants of the natives, until these traders converted to Islam and disseminate the same to other people, as most merchants and experts was the first kingdom to adopt the new religion. Important Islamic empire including: Royal Ocean Pasai, Sultanate of Banten which established diplomatic relations with European countries, the Kingdom of Mataram, the Kingdom of Iha, Sultanate Sultanate of Ternate and Tidore in the Moluccas.
Afonso (sometimes also written Alfonso) de Albuquerque. Because of this character, which makes the archipelago region then known by the Europeans and the beginning of centuries of colonization by the Portuguese along with other European nations, especially Britain and the Netherlands.
From the Tagus River which empties into the Atlantic Ocean that the Portuguese fleet sailed the Atlantic Ocean, may take a month to three months, passing the Cape of Good Hope of Africa, towards the Straits of Malacca. From here the exploration is continued to the Maluku Islands to search for spices, gold commodity that equivalent at the time.
"In the 16th century when the adventure begins usually the sailors country was blessed by a Catholic priest and king before sailing through the River Tagus," said Teresa. Monastery of St. Jeronimus or Dos Jeronimos Monastery in Portuguese was founded by King Manuel in 1502 at the time of Vasco da Gama to start an adventure to the east.
Portuguese Maritime Museum or the Museu de Marinha mention it was founded by King Luis on July 22, 1863 to honor the Portuguese maritime history.
In addition to the statue in the park, painting of Afonso de Albuquerque is also a collection of the museum. Beneath the painting is written, "the Governor of India from 1509 to 1515. Foundation stone of the Portuguese Empire in India based in Ormuz, Goa, and Malacca. Policy pioneer of sea power as the central force of the kingdom ". Portuguese trade in various goods also exhibited at the museum, even a mound of pepper or pepper.
There are a number of motivations why the Kingdom of the Portuguese started the adventure to the east. Historians and archaeologists in the book of Islam Uka Tjandrasasmita Indonesia-Portugal: Five Hundred Years of Historical Relationship (Cepesa, 2002), citing a number of historians, not to mention there is only one motivation of the Portuguese Empire came to Asia. Expansion may be summarized in three words Portuguese language, namely feitoria, Fortaleza, and igreja. Literal meaning is gold, glory, and the church or trade, military domination, and the spread of Catholicism.
According to Uka, Albuquerque, the Portuguese governor of the Estado da India Second, the Portuguese Empire in Asia, is the main architect of Portuguese expansion into Asia. From Goa, he led an expedition to Malacca straight and got there early in July 1511 carrying 15 large and small vessels and 600 soldiers. He and his troops defeated the Malacca August 10, 1511. Since then, the Portuguese controlled the spice trade from Asia to Europe. After mastering of Malacca, the Portuguese expedition led by Antonio de Abreu reached the Moluccas, the spice center.
Period in the Portuguese archipelago of Glory
Period 1511-1526, for 15 years, the archipelago became an important maritime port for the Portuguese Empire, which regularly became a maritime route to the island of Sumatra, Java, Banda, and the Moluccas.
In 1511 the Portuguese defeated the Kingdom of Malacca.
In 1512 the Portuguese to establish communication with the Kingdom of Sunda to sign a trade agreement, especially pepper. Trade agreement is then realized on August 21, 1522 in the form of contract documents made duplicate, one copy to the king of Sunda and one for the king of Portugal. On the same day built a tablet called the Sunda-Portugal Agreement Inscription in a place that is currently the corner of Clove Road and the Great East Road I, West Jakarta. With this agreement allowed the Portuguese to build a warehouse or fortress at Sunda Kelapa.
In the year 1512 also Afonso de Albuquerque sent Antonio Albreu and Francisco Serrao to lead the fleet to find a way to where the spices in the Moluccas. Along the way, they stopped at Madura, Bali and Lombok. By using master-master of Java, the fleet arrived in Banda Islands, continue heading North Maluku until arriving at Ternate.
Portuguese presence in the waters and islands of Indonesia that has left traces of history that to this day still maintained by local communities in the archipelago, especially Flores, Solor and the Moluccas, in Jakarta Kampong monument located at the North Jakarta, between Kali Cakung, Cilincing beach and soil Marunda.
The first Europeans to discover the Moluccas was Portugal, in the year 1512. At that time, two Portuguese fleets, each under the leadership of Anthony d'Abreu and Francisco Serau, landed in Banda Islands and Turtle Islands. Once they make friends with the residents and local kings - like the kingdom of Ternate on the island of Ternate, the Portuguese were given permission to establish a fort in Pikaoli, nor may the State Hitu old, and Mamala Ambon.Namun Island spice trade relations did not last long , because the Portuguese monopoly system to implement and conduct the spread of Christianity. One of his famous missionary Francis Xavier. Arrive in Ambon 14 February 1546, then proceeded to Ternate, arriving in 1547, and tirelessly visited the islands in the Maluku Islands to make the distribution of religion. Portuguese and Ternate friendship ended in 1570. War with the Sultan Babullah for 5 years (1570-1575), the Portuguese had to leave from Ternate and Tidore and driven to Ambon.
Maluku people's resistance against the Portuguese, the Dutch used to set foot in the Moluccas. In 1605, the Dutch succeeded in forcing the Portuguese to give up its defenses in Ambon to Steven van der Hagen and the Tidore to Cornelisz Sebastiansz. Similarly, the British fort at Kambelo, Seram Island, was destroyed by the Dutch. Since then the Dutch managed to control most of the Moluccas. Position of the Dutch in the Moluccas getting stronger with the establishment of the VOC in 1602, and since then the Dutch became sole ruler in the Moluccas. Under the leadership of Jan Pieterszoon Coen, Chief Operating VOC, clove trade in the Moluccas sepunuh under the control of VOC for nearly 350 years. For this purpose the VOC did not hesitate to drive out competitors; Portuguese, Spanish, and English. Even tens of thousands of people become victims of brutality VOC Moluccas.
then they built a fort at Ternate in 1511, then in 1512 built the Citadel in Amurang North Sulawesi. Portuguese lost the war with Spain then submitted in north Sulawesi area of ​​Spanish rule (1560 to 1660). Portuguese kingdom later united with the Kingdom of Spain. (Read the book: Portuguese Colonial History in Indonesia, by David DS Lumoindong). Merchant fleet of the 17th century came VOC (Dutch) who later managed to expel the Portuguese from Ternate, so then Portuguese East Timor and master retreat (since 1515).
Colonialism and Imperialism in Indonesia began to spread around the 15th century, which begins with the landing of the Portuguese in Malacca and the Dutch-led Cornellis de Houtman in 1596, to find the source of the spice and trade.
People's resistance against the Portuguese
The arrival of the Portuguese to the Malay Peninsula and the Maluku Islands is an order from his country to trade.
People's Resistance against Portuguese Malacca
In 1511, the Portuguese fleet led by Albuquerque attacked Malacca Empire. To attack the colonial Portuguese in Malacca which occurred in 1513 failed because of the strength and weapons stronger Portuguese. In 1527, the fleet under the command of Demak Fatahillah / Falatehan can master Bantam, Suda Coconut, and Cirebon. Portuguese fleet could be destroyed by Fatahillah / Falatehan and he later changed the name to Jayakarta Palm Sunda, which means a big victory, which later became Jakarta.
Acehnese people's resistance against the Portuguese
Beginning in 1554 until the year 1555, the Portuguese efforts failed because the Portuguese got stiff resistance from the people of Aceh. At the time of Sultan Iskandar Muda in power, the Kingdom of Aceh had attacked the Portuguese in Malacca in 1615 and 1629.
People's resistance against the Portuguese Moluccas
The Portuguese first landed in the Moluccas in 1511. The next arrival of the Portuguese in 1513. However, Ternate feel aggrieved by the Portuguese because of their greed to obtain monopoly profits through the efforts of the spice trade.
In 1533, the Sultan of Ternate call upon all people of Maluku to expel the Portuguese in the Moluccas. In 1570, the people led by the Sultan of Ternate Hairun can re-take the fight against the Portuguese, but can be tricked by the Portuguese until finally killed in the Fort Duurstede. Furthermore Baabullah led by the Sultan in the year 1574. Portuguese expelled who later settled in the island of Timor.
History of the Spanish archipelago Period
Ferdinand Magellan (sometimes also written Ferdinand) Magelan. Because of this character, who led the first fleet around the world and prove that the Earth is round, when it was known by Europeans of the earth flat. Commencement of centuries of colonization by Spain with other European nations, especially the Portuguese, English and Dutch.
From Spain to the Pacific Ocean that the Portuguese fleet sailed the Pacific Ocean, past the Cape of Good Hope of Africa, towards the Straits of Malacca. From here the exploration is continued to the Maluku Islands to search for spices, gold commodity that equivalent at the time.
"In the 16th century when the adventure begins usually the sailors country was blessed by a Catholic priest and king before sailing through the ocean.
On September 20, 1519, San Antonio, Concepción, Victoria, and Santiago, the largest to the smallest-carrier followed Magellan, Trinidad, the second largest ship, as they set sail for South America. On 13 December, they reached Brazil, and looking at Pao de Acucar, or Sugarloaf Mountain, which is impressive, they entered the bay of Rio de Janeiro a wonderful time to repair and fill supplies. Then they continued south into what is now Argentina, always searching for el paso, the elusive path that leads to another ocean. Meanwhile, the air gets colder and icebergs appear. Finally, on March 31, 1520, Magellan decided to spend the winter in the port of San Julián is cold.

Sailing has now taken six times longer than the voyage of Columbus across the Atlantic Ocean and the first-strait have not seen one yet! Morale began as cold weather in San Julián, and men, including some of the captains and officers, feeling desperate and want to go home. Is no surprise when the rebellion. However, thanks to quick and decisive action on the part of Magellan, it is thwarted and the two rebel leaders were killed.
The presence of foreign vessels in port must have attracted the attention of local residents strong-and large-bodied. Feeling like a dwarf compared to these giants, the visitors that land called Patagonia, from the Spanish word meaning "big foot"-to this day. They also observe the 'wolves of the sea calves, as well as black and white swans that swim under the water, eat fish, and has a beak like a crow'. Of course none other than the seals and penguins
Polar latitudes tend to experience a violent storm suddenly, and before the winter ended, the fleet suffered its first casualty tiny Santiago. However, fortunately the crew can be rescued from the ship that sank it. After that, the four ships which still survive, like a small-winged moths which have been hit in the middle of the frozen ocean currents and seemingly unstoppable, fighting desperately to head south to colder waters, until October 21. Sailing in the pouring rain that freezes, all eyes glued to a crack in the west. El paso? Yes! Finally, they turned and entered the strait later known as the Strait of Magellan! However, even this moment of victory is tarnished. San Antonio deliberately disappeared in the maze of straits and returned to Spain.
All three ships that still survive, diimpit by a narrow bay between snow-covered cliffs, with persistent sailing through the winding strait that. Brand watched so many fires in the south, possibly from the camp of the Indians, so they call it the land of Tierra del Fuego, "Land of Fire".
Magellan arrived in the Philippines invites local residents and their leaders to embrace the Catholic religion. But the spirit is also a disaster, where later he was involved in a dispute between the tribes. Only with the power assisted 60 men, he attacked some 1,500 natives, with the belief that despite having to fight the crossbow, an ancient rifle, but God would ensure his victory. But what happened was the contrary, he and a number of his subordinates were killed. Magellan at that time was about 41 years. Pigafetta faithful lament, 'They killed reflection, lights, entertainer, and our true guide'. A few days later, about 27 officers who only watch from their ship, were killed by the chiefs who previously friendly.
Due to the number of crew members who remained only slightly, making it impossible to use the three ships set sail, they then drown Concepción and sailed with two ships remaining, Trinidad and Victoria to their final destination, namely the Spice Islands. After the second vessel is filled with spices, then the two ships set sail again separately. But one of the two ships, the Trinidad was captured by the Portuguese and then the crew imprisoned.
However, Victoria, under the command of former rebel Juan Sebastian de Elcano, escaped. While avoiding all ports except one, they take risks Portugal route round the Cape of Good Hope. However, without stopping to fill the supply is an expensive strategy. When they finally reached Spain on 6 September 1522-three years since their departure, only 18 men who are sick and helpless who survive. However, it is undeniable that they were the first person to sail around the earth. Juan Sebastian de Elcano was a hero. What an amazing thing, cargo weighing 26 tons of spices Victoria pay for the entire expedition!
When a ship that survived, Victoria, returned to port after completing a trip around the world the first time, only 18 men of 237 men who were on board in early departure. Among survivors, there are two Italians, Antonio Pigafetta and Martino de Judicibus. Judicibus de Martino (Spanish: Martín de Judicibus) adalan people of Genoa [1] which acts as the Head Waiter. It works by Ferdinand Magellan on a historical journey to find a western route to the Spice Islands of Indonesia. [2] The history of his journey immortalized in the nominative registration at the Archivo General de Indias in Seville, Spain. The name of this family called the Latin patronimik proper, namely: "de Judicibus". At first he was assigned to the caravel Concepción, one of Magellan's five Spanish fleet. Martino de Judicibus start this expedition with the title of captain. (Read more in the book "History of Colonial Spanish in Indonesia" by David DS Lumoindong.
Before mastering the Philippine archipelago in 1543, Spain made the island of Manado Tua as a haven for freshwater. From the island the Spanish ships entering the mainland of North Sulawesi through the river Tondano. Relations with the Spanish traveler upland interwoven through barter economy began in Uwuran (now the city Amurang) Tidewater rivers I apo Rano. Barter trade of rice, amber, honey and other forest products and fish and salt.
Coffee Warehouse Manado and Minahasa be important for Spain, because Spanish soil fertility and is used for planting Kofi originating from South-America to be marketed to the Chinese mainland. For that in-built Manado as a commercial center for Chinese traders who market Kofi kedaratan China. Manado name included in the map of the world by a map of the world, Nicolas_Desliens, in 1541. Manado is also a public appeal by Kofi China as an export commodity hinterland communities Manado and Minahasa. Chinese traders pioneered the development of warehouse Kofi (The market is now around 45) who later became Chinatown and the settlement. The immigrants from mainland China mingle and assimilate to inland communities and to form a pluralistic society in Manado and Minahasa with derivative Spanish, Portuguese and Dutch.
The appearance of the name of Manado in North Sulawesi with a variety of commercial activities undertaken Portuguese Spanish main attraction since his position in Ternate. For that approach sends the Portuguese Catholic missions to the ground Manado and Minahasa in 1563 and developed the Catholic religion and education. Adu race influence in the Celebes Sea
Between Minahasa with Ternate there are two small islands named Mayu and Tafure. Then the two islands were used as a transit port by sailors Minahasa. At that time, there is competition Portuguese and Spanish where Spanish seize the two islands. Pandey Tombulu origin who became king on the island run by a fleet of boats returning to the Minahasa, but since last monsoon season, stranded in Gorontalo. Pandey boy named Potangka continue the journey and arrived in Ratahan. In Ratahan, he was appointed commander of the war because he was an expert shot cannons and guns to fight the Portuguese invaders from Mongondouw in the region. In 1563 the territory of Ternate Ratahan known by the name "Watasina" because when the fleet attacked Kora-kora Ternate to menhalau Spanish from the region (the book "De Katholieken hare en Missie" AJ Van Aernsbergen writing). Portuguese and Spanish in 1570 conspired to kill the king of Ternate, so that makes a big commotion in Ternate. When that many Muslim traders fled to Ternate and Tidore Ratahan. Pirate attacks increased in Ratahan through Bentenan, pirates used the slaves as rowers. The pirate captive slaves fled to Ratahan when nighttime pirate fleet of boats damaged soldier Ratahan - barely. Tentative conclusions can we draw from this story collection is the original inhabitants of this region is Touwuntu in the lowlands to the beach Toulumawak in the mountains, they are the descendants Opok Soputan seventh century. Name opo 'Soputan appears again as the head of the 16th century walak region with head walak Raliu brothers and Potangkuman. Residents of this region in the 16th century came from the natives and migrants from Tombulu, Tompakewa (Tontemboan), Tonsea, Ternate and pirate captives from Sangihe possible.
Minahasa Struggle Against Spain
Queen Oki ranges in the year 1644 until 1683. At that time, there was a great war between the child's tribe Tombatu (also commonly referred to Toundanow or Tonsawang) with the Spaniards. The war was triggered by the child's tribe Tombatu displeasure against the Spaniards who want to master the trade of commodities, especially rice, which was then a mainstay crop time residents. In addition, anger is also caused by the wickedness of the Spaniards against the local residents, especially to his daughter. The war has resulted in 40 deaths of Spanish troops in Kali and Stone (Stone Dimples locations now - ed). Naasnya, in the child's tribe Tombatu, has resulted in the death of Commander Monde along with 9 people's armies. Commander Monde is none other than her husband Queen Oki. According to that told in the paper, Commander Monde killed after fiercely defending his wife, Queen Oki.Menurut PA Gosal, et al., In the reign of Queen Oki, the son of the tribe Toundanow (another name for the child's tribe or Tonsawang Tombatu) that inhabits around the lake Bulilin live prosperous, safe and secure. "On the wisdom and the wisdom to lead tribal children Toudanow the Queen Oki also endorsed as Tonaas or Balian. During kepemimpinnan Queen Oki, Spain and the Netherlands have never mastered or to colonize Toundanow child, "
War opponents Minahasa Spain
The crew of Spanish sailors living in Minahasa and even mingle with the community. They married women Minahasa, so that their descendants became brothers with the natives.
In 1643 a war broke out Minaesa States against the Spanish empire. in a war in Tompaso, Spanish troops assisted the king's army was beaten Loloda Mokoagouw II defeat, the union backed by the combined forces Minaesa, chased up to the beach but
In 1694 in a war in Tompaso, the king's army was beaten Loloda Mokoagouw II defeat, the union backed by the combined forces Minahasa, chased down to the beach but is prevented and mediated by the Resident VOC Herman Jansz Steynkuler. In the year 1694 of September 21, was held a peace agreement, and set the border is the river Poigar Minahasa. Minaesa States troops from occupied Tompaso New Tompaso, Rumoong settled in Rumoong Down, down Kawangkoan Kawangkoan inhabit, and so forth.
In the Dutch colonial administration pasa this area remains autonomous initially but over time gradually reduced with the power of the king's appointment of kings to govern the Netherlands, so the king remained a territory-level officials 'subdistrict'.
Starting in 1521 the Spanish waters Sign in Indonesia
Trinidad crew captured by Portugal and later with the help of sailors imprisoned in Minahasa and Manado Babontewu of the empire they could escape. The 12 sailors were then dwelt in the interior of Minahasa, to continue to Pontak Amurang, then after a few years they can make contact again with the Spanish fleet which had returned to the Philippines. 1522 Spain started the colonization of North Sulawesi in 1560 Spain set up a post in Manado
Minahasa role as the rice granary of Spain when conducting the business of total domination of the Philippines.
In 1550 the Spanish had established a fort at Wenang fraudulently Walak Head howled Lasut using cow leather from Indian Bengal brought the Portuguese to the Minahasa. Land area in question Spanish cowhide is the land area of ​​the rope is made from cow skin. Spain then use Mongodouw person to occupy the Portuguese fort at Amurang in 1550s Spain and eventually occupy the Minahasa. And dotu Walak Head (Head of State) have men howled Lasut Tonaas Wuri 'Young.

Kema name associated with the construction of the Spanish military base when
Bartholomeo de Soisa landed in 1651 and founded the port in an area called 'La Quimas.' Locals know this area with the name 'Maadon' or also 'Kawuudan.' Location of the Spanish fort at the mouth of the river Kema, called by the Dutch, "Spanyaardsgat , "or Liang Spain.
Dr. J.G.F. Riedel said that the Spanish fleet had landed in exactly 100 years sebelumnya.Kema Kema develops as the mother country since the era of government Pakasaan Tonsea Dotulong Xavier, after taranak-taranak Tonsea began to leave the old country, namely Tonsea Ure and establish new settlements-settlements. Xavier Dotulong Letter at 3 Februrari 1770 to the Governor of VOC in Ternate revealed that his father, I. Runtukahu Lumanauw lived in Kema and pioneered the development of this city. This is reinforced by the Ukung in Manado who claim to be descended dotu Bogi, son of the eldest of several brothers dotu as Governor of Ternate was also expressed in a letter to Xavier Dotulong return on November 1, 1772.
Origin of the name Kema
Dutch missionaries, Domine Jacobus Montanus in his trip report letter on November 17, 1675, mentions that the name Kema, which refers to the Spanish term, is the name of mountains that stretches from North to South. He writes that the word 'Kima' comes from the Minahasa which means conch. While the notion 'Kema' which comes from the Spanish word, 'Quema' ie, flame, or too light. Understanding the actions associated with the Spanish sailors often make mischief burn area. Governor Robert Padtbrugge in memory of the handover on August 31, 1682 mentions this place as "Pack of Grote Oesterbergen," meaning the big mountains
resembles a large shell. While the word Tonsea called 'Tonseka,' because it is in the area Pakasaan Tonsea.
Hendrik Berton in memory of August 3, 1767, describes the Kema than as a port for the West wind season, also became the mother country Tonsea. This occurs due to a conflict between Manado with the dispute Kema bird nest on the island of Lembeh. Parties Ukung-Ukung in Manado demanding equal rights in the results with Ukung-Ukung Kema. At that time the Old Ukung Dotulong Kema is Xavier.
Portuguese and Spanish are the strength of the Roman Catholic Church committed to expand the Ottoman empire in the Mediterranean in the XV century. Besides the Portuguese and Spanish are also a refuge entrepreneurs and skilled workers from Constantinople when it ruled the Ottoman empire from the Turks in 1453. The settlement includes a transfer of knowledge and maritime economy in Southern Europe. Since even then Portuguese and Spanish became great powers in Europe. Transfer of knowledge gained from immigrants from Constantinople that allows for both the country's Hispanic expanding new territories outside the mainland of Europe and the Mediterranean. The main target is the Asia-East and Southeast Asia. At first the expansion of the area between the two countries are divided in the agreement Tordisalles, 1492. Whereas Spanish Portuguese East towards the West. That time there has been no picture of the world was round. Realized, when sailboats two sides met in the waters of the Celebes Sea. This fact also be the cause of a process of reformation of the church, because not all of the "fatwa" of the church is the Law, until the image of power of the Pope as a ruler and representative of God on earth and the system of absolute government theokratis collapsed. The collapse occurred with the advent of the Protestant church of Martin Luther and Calvin pilot in Europe which later also spread to various European colonies in Asia, Africa and America.
From Tordisalles agreement, the Portuguese track from the African coast and Indian Ocean. While Spain traced the Atlantic Ocean, the South American continent and sailed the Pacific Ocean. The meeting occurred when the Spanish ships led Ferdinand Maggelan browse the Pacific and arrived on the island Kawio, Sangir and Talaud islands in the Celebes Sea in 1521. To prevent competition in the waters of the Celebes Sea and North Maluku, the two sides renew cross paths through agreements Saragossa in 1529. The agreement divided the territory by performing the limit line of latitude seventeen degrees east in the waters of North Maluku. But in the agreement,
Spanish feel aggrieved because they do not achieve commercial traffic with the islands producing spices. For it is sending an expedition to the Western Pacific in 1542. In February of that year five Spanish ships with 370 crew leader Ruy Lopez de Villalobos to the cluster of the Western Pacific from Baja. The goal is to expand the territory and simultaneously obtain the spice trade concessions in North Maluku.
This voyage of Villalobos landed digugusan Northern islands called the Philippines, was taken from the name of the son of King Carlos V, ie, Prince Philip, heir to the kingdom of Spain. Although the Philippines does not produce the spice, but the arrival of the Spanish islands digugusan loud protests from the Portuguese. The reason is because the cluster of islands located in the West, in the environmental area. While concentrating his attention on the Middle America, Spain still wants concessions commercial spice-North Maluku who also wanted dominated Portuguese. But Spain pressured by the Portuguese to have retreated to the Philippines. As a result Spain lost influence in North Sulawesi, which had previously been pockets of economic and community relations Minahasa.
The introduction of Spanish cuisine in the Minahasa
The War in Southern Philippines has impacted on the Spanish economy. The main causes of the defeat of Spain also caused unrest rower who served the Spanish ships. The system relies on Spanish shipping rower generally consists of the slaves of Spain. Usually ships Spain served about 500-600 oarsmen who are generally drawn from the population of Spanish-controlled territory. Generally rowers rebellion occurs when food rations running low and too limited in the long voyage, to overcome Spain deploy a variety of planting crops, including peppers (chilies), ginger (goraka), turmeric etc..

All are planted in areas controlled by each for the supply of food logistics crew and hundreds of rowers.
Since the culture of eating "pidis" which in the potion with a variety of spices that Spanish seamen introduced spread rapidly and become a craze Minahasa community.
There are also interesting from the Spanish culinary heritage, ie cultural Panada. This cake is also the origin of the Latin American population, which was brought by the Spaniards through the trajectory of the Pacific. The difference, dough Panada, in filled with beef or lamb, while the typical Panada Minahasa in filled with fish.
City Kema is a settlement of Spaniards, starting from the "rowers" who settled and did not want to return to their ancestral land. They married local women and hereditary life. Kema later also known as the travelers German, Dutch and English. They also blend in and assimilate with the locals, so that in a pluralistic society formed Kema and enrich Minahasa with diverse cultural and harmonious coexistence. That is why until the Minahasa community is not easy to get along face the awkward and Western people.
Getting rid of the movement opposed to the Spanish Conquest
Minahasa also been at war with Spain that began in 1617 and ended in 1645. The war was triggered by the injustice of the Spanish against the Minahasa people, especially in terms of trade in rice, as the main commodity that time. Open warfare occurred later in the year 1644-1646. End of the war was a total defeat of Spain, thus successfully expelled by the waranei (Minahasa knights).
Spanish For Indonesia Economic Impact of North
Diplomacy Walak government leaders approached the Dutch managed to expel the Spanish from Minahasa. But the consequences to be experienced is a pioneering path in the Pacific ocean commercial pilot of Spain since the 17th century affect the economy stalled and North Sulawesi. For commercial lines is very useful for the spread of commodity exports to the Pacific. Since even then the port of Manado became quiet and did not develop that has impacted on the development of eastern Indonesia region to the Pacific Southwest. On the other hand, only a stopover port of Manado trade lane from the South (based in Surabaya, Tanjung Priok built by the Dutch since the XVIII century) to the Asia-East through the trajectory of the Makassar Strait. And even then only used seasonally during the South China Sea are not madly in ferocious waves for ships. While all-East Asia trade lane is focused through the South China Sea, the Strait of Malacca, Indian Ocean, North Atlantic-Cape of Good Hope which is the center of world trade.
As a result of economic relations activities around each of the Celebes Sea directly to the outside world practically abandoned. Because the distribution of all commodities across the cluster archipelago governed solely by the Batavia which controls all network-trade system under the one-door policy. This emphasis brings prolonged suffering for the population of rural business activities Minahasa.

LIST NAME OF HEROES OF INDEPENDENCE OF INDONESIA

 Mohammad Yamin

Mr. Prof. Muhammad Yamin, SH (born in Sawahlunto, West Sumatra, August 24, 1903 - died in Jakarta, October 17, 1962 at age 59 years) is an Indonesian national hero. He was buried in Talawi, Sawahlunto
He is one of the pioneers of modern poetry in Indonesia, as well as 'the creator of the myth' that principal to President Sukarno.

MR. A. A. Ramis

Mr. Andries Maramis Alexander (1897 - 1977) was a member KNIP, BPUPKI member and the first Finance Minister of the Republic of Indonesia and is the person who signed Oeang Republic of Indonesia in 1945. Brother of Mary Walanda Maramis completed his education in law in 1924 in the Netherlands.

Ki Hajar Dewantara

 Raden Mas Soewardi Soerjaningrat (EYD: Suwardi Suryaningrat, since 1922 the Ki Hajar Dewantara, EYD: Ki Hajar Dewantara, some sounds written with the Javanese language of Ki Hajar Dewantoro; born in Yogyakarta, May 2, 1889 - died in Yogyakarta, 26 April 1959 at age 69 years [1]; hereinafter abbreviated as "Soewardi" or "KHD") is Indonesia's independence movement activist, columnist, politician, and pioneer of education for the natives of Indonesia from the Dutch colonial era.

Works: RAMA
Class: V
School: SDN Klanting 02
Supervisor: Khoirul NISA

MOHAMMAD HATTA

Mohammad Hatta was born on August 12, 1902 in London. In this beautiful little town of Bung Hatta was raised in a family environment mother. His father, Haji Mohammad Djamil, died when eight months old Hatta. From his mother, Hatta had six sisters. He was the son the only one. Since sitting in MULO in the city of Padang, he has been interested in the movement. Since the year 1916.

AGUS SALIM HAJI

Haji Agus Salim (Mashudul Haq was born with the name (which means "defender of the truth"); Koto Gadang, Bukittinggi, Minangkabau, (October 8, 1884, Jakarta, 4 November 1954) was an Indonesian freedom fighters.

Works: Else Betsya S
Class: V (five)
School: SDN Klanting 02
Supervisor: Choirun nisa

Introduction to the History of Science and TERMS OF HISTORY

Introduction to the History of Science, History, in the Indonesian language can mean a history of past events that actually occurred or a history of hereditary origin.
History is generally known as information about events already past. As a branch of science, studying history means learning and translating information from records made by individual persons, families, and communities. Knowledge of the history surrounding: the knowledge of the events that have past and the knowledge of how to think historically. Science History also referred to as the Science or Science Tarikh Chronicle.
In the past, learning about history is categorized as part of Cultural Studies (Humanities). However, at this present moment, history is more often categorized as a Social Science, especially when it comes Tracking history in chronological order.
The history of science studying the various events related to humanity in the past. The history is divided into multiple sub and other special parts such as chronology, historiograf, genealogy, paleography, and kliometrik. People who specializes studying the history of the so-called historians.
The question is: why do people study history? To answer that question it is better if we look at the books that teach history in elementary, junior high and high school. See the history of the DI-NII in there! In the books there are the interests of the Republic of Indonesia States.
The history is synonymous with identity. Throughout history man has always finding out about who she is? Because it is human nature to have the identity of who he is. Identity is important because it relates to the reason a human being living in this world. Generally speaking about her man's search for identity in history.
Consider the events surrounding a child. A small child when asked his identity, having known his name, the questioner usually then asked the name of his parents. The more mature a child, he would have more to think about himself, begins by knowing the origin of her. Descent who is he? What kind of family he comes from? And so on. When a man collecting data about himself, then in fact he was studying what happened in the past.
Believe it or not, people actually move or act because of its identity. A police officer will not act as a police officer if he did not know he was a policeman. A policeman who was drunk, would not have had time to remember that he is law enforcement, it is natural that he could act like a criminal at a time like that.
This is then referred to as "consciousness".

The importance of awareness and consciousness of history, Awareness is owned by a man and nothing else on God's creation. Awareness possessed by humans is a unique thing where he can put the human self in accordance with his beliefs.
Prophetic consciousness is a consciousness which is owned by the religion in the context of social transformation on a single purpose by certain ethics as well. As awareness of Islam is a form of consciousness of human beings from God to determine and change history, not a man who is determined by history. Islam regards human consciousness is an immaterial consciousness determines the material, with the intention that the faith as the basis for determining environmental awareness around humans. Consciousness in Islam is an independent, not influenced by the structure, the social and material conditions. Which determines the individual's consciousness is not, as in the theory of critical awareness. Islam makes the theory of individual consciousness to be active in determining the course of history. Critical consciousness is determined by the individual may fall in the abundance of existentialism and iondividualism. While the prophetic consciousness, that which determines the form of consciousness is God, and the provision is to spread awareness of asthma or the name of God in the world so that people obtain mercy, and this awareness is a form of divine consciousness to change history. Islamic Awareness is owned by the divine consciousness and become a spirit to do the transformation.
Awareness is a concept which is owned by a man in the face of social reality that occurs in sekitarya. Performed by the human consciousness is an ongoing and continuous motion in response to social reality. Consciousness is something that distinguishes man from other creatures, possessed of consciousness due to the motion made without coercion, but by kemaunan and desires. According to Marxism consciousness is determined by the environment around humans. So in this view of the old neighborhood to determine the environment that will be realized. Humans move and do anything because the structures that are beyond the human self, and under pressure from outside, not from the bottom of the human mind. Form of consciousness which is owned by Marxism makes the course of history is happening is a process materialism. Marx also admits in his thesis that history is moving due to the material needs that exist in man, so it is better known with dialectical materialism or historical materialism.
It is quite another case when compared with the concept of consciousness possessed by Islam. Merupkan Islamic consciousness in terms of God. From here, that determine the environmental awareness, it is not based on individual independently organized also the environment surrounding them. If consciousness is determined by the individual so that a process of individualism, eksistensialism, liberalism, and capitalism. Awareness is desired by Islam is a gift from the Lord is faith that can make or determine the structure of social, cultural and material conditions that occur in society. Awareness that God is determined to make the form of consciousness that arises is the divine consciousness and how these divine values ​​that are embedded in the earth in order to create khoirul ummah. Divine consciousness is what makes the concept of consciousness like a bond, both individually atapun collectively. Automatically this concept eliminates the concept of consciousness that is based on the individual and also form a patterned consciousness secularism. This awareness is patterned intergralistik, because man as a recipient of a consciousness of God and in all its activities will be handed back to God.
Divine Consciousness is the concept of social bonding that occurs to face reality, with this consciousness, then the bond outlook departs from text to context, instead of the context to the text.
Awareness of history is a follow-up of the concept of divine consciousness, which in praxis doing activism history. Awareness of this history, it can also be seen from the teachings of Islam that Islam is a religion of charity. Therefore, in the teachings of Islam forbid the concept of celibacy (no marriage), uzlah (exile) and the monkhood. The forms of teaching are not allowed in Islam because it does not correspond with the nature that has been owned by humans, to determine the course of history and make history a more humanistic. Prophetic consciousness and actualized in the form of historical consciousness is an effort in realizing khoirul ummah. Efforts embodiment khoirul ummah that has been idealized by ties of history by doing activism and hard work ties both collectively or individually. Form of consciousness sejarahpun in Islam can be seen for example in prayer who desire happiness in the world and hereafter. Happiness in Islam are the two dimensions in the world and in ukhrawi. Happiness in the world by the history of efforts to create awareness of the ummah as a way mendekarkan khoirul man with the Creator. Awareness of history held by the bond makes an active form of bonds, and anything done by the bond is a means of worship to God by realizing the dream that has been owned by the bond. This realization makes the bond and the individual doing the transformation and change that reality toward or lead to a dream in order to worship the Lord.
 
B. WORD ORIGIN HISTORY
Judging from the origin he says comes from the Arabic: SYAJARATUN
which means that tree wood, descent, origin, or pedigree.
History / saga: story taken from life
The story: a story about events that actually happened in the past
Tarikh (Turkey): indicates the tradition in Islamic history
Europe
Geschiedenis (Netherlands): something that has happened; geschieden = occurs
Geschichte (German): something that has happened; geschehen = occurs
History (UK) human activity associated with certain events that are arranged in the chronological relationship
The word history comes from Greek meaning Historia knowledge gained through the investigation (= science) / inquiry

DEFINITION OF HISTORY

History is the memory of human experience (Robert V. Daniels)
All past events is history (history as actuality). History can help the student to Understand human behavior in the past, present and future (new goals for historical studies). (J. Banks)
History is a science with stories generally associated with penfsiran bertarikh as a result of events in human society at the time that has past or the other signs. (Muhammad Yamin)

HISTORY AS THE EVENT, THE STORY, SCIENCE

1.SEJARAH AS EVENT (Genesis in the past)
2.SEJARAWAN (want to know about the past)
FACTS 3.MENYUSUN OWNED (by asking / looking for opinions to approach the truth)

HISTORY AS WRITTEN

EVENTS consisting of Genesis, Reality, Actuality past
STORY is a story, impression, memory, interpretation of persitiwa, Experience in the past

SCIENCE
 Typical methods of historians to reconstruct critically, analytically,
imaginative human being based on past data, relics, proof writing, recording
 Statements, opinions + views
SCIENCE: a number of structured knowledge (a body of knowledge) on condition
- There is an object (key events relating to humans and occurs)
- There are methods
- There is a subject matter (subject matter)

The description of past events that people experience, scientifically arranged, covering a period of time, given the interpretation, and critically analyzed so easy to understand and be understood

Picture of the past on humans both as individuals and as social beings, which are arranged in order of scientific facts covering this period, with a given interpretation and explanation that gives an understanding of what has passed it

As a scientific study of everything that has been experienced by humans in the past and which have left traces in the present, where pressure is placed on aspects mainly concern the event itself, in this case primarily specific and developmental aspects, which is then compiled in a historical narrative

As a study that sought to gain an understanding of everything that has been experienced (spoken, thought, and implemented) by humans in the past that the evidence can still be traced / found the present

The structure consists of History As Science Events / human behavior, Time:
- Date
- Durée
- Periodization

Space / place consisting of events, evidence, interpretation / description, ceritra.

Interpretation:
- Causality
- Direction


Bibliography

o Kuntowijoyo. Prophetic Social Sciences
o Kuntowijoyo. Introduction to the History of Science: Landscape Library, -
o Wikipedia: Internet-Based Encyclopedia
o Sani.Pentingnya Consciousness: From Critical Consciousness to Prophetic Consciousness
0 TERMS OF HISTORY: Budianto Spd